[Choosing wisely recommendations in gastroenterology]. / Klug-entscheiden-Empfehlungen in der Gastroenterologie.

The Choosing wisely initiative of the German Society of Internal Medicine addresses procedures which are inadequately implemented (deficits in patient care) as well as those which are performed too often but without proven benefits for patients (misuse or overuse of health services). Based on their guidelines, The German Society of Gastroenterology, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases has identified such aspects and incorporated them into the respective recommendations.

[S2k-guideline Helicobacter pylori and gastroduodenal ulcer disease]. / S2k-Leitlinie Helicobacter pylori und gastroduodenale Ulkuskrankheit.

In the line "bismuth-containing quadruple therapy" of Table 7 (p 342), in the column "dosage" incorrectly at the three antibiotics respectively 1-1-1-1. The correct is: 3-3-3-3.

[Development of gastrointestinal infectious diseases between 2000 and 2012]. / Entwicklung infektiöser Durchfallerkrankungen zwischen den Jahren 2000 und 2012.

BACKGROUND: Infectious gastroenterological diseases are of increasing medical and health-economic significance. METHOD: To evaluate the development of gastroenterolgical infections (GI) over the past 10 years, we have analysed the published data of the German Federal Statistics Office on GI hospital admissions between 2001 and 2011 and the data on cases of infection reported to the Robert-Koch Institute between 2001 and 2012. RESULTS: In 2011 520795 patients with infectious diarrhoea (ICD 10 A00-A09) required hospital admission. The number of coded main diagnoses alone has more than doubled from 127867 to 282199 cases per year. The increase in the group of over 65-year-old patients was particularly high. The highest increase among hospitalised patients was seen for Clostridium difficile infections (99779 cases in 2011) together with noro- and rotavirus infections, whereas the number of cases with salmonella declined. The number of hospital deaths related to infectious gastrointestinal diseases (major clinical diagnosis) rose from 401 in 2000 to 4152 in 2011. Particularly frequent were deaths coded under the ICD 10 diagnosis A04, which includes Clostridium difficile infections (CDI). DISCUSSION: In spite of the limitations due to differing data sources, reporting and recording rules, the analysed data do allow conclusions as to the development of the last 10 years. Gastrointestinal infections have not only markedly increased but also required increasing hospital capacities in gastroenterological departments. Since, with the exception of rotavirus infections, no vaccination strategies are available, these developments will have to be combatted above all by improved infectiological training for gastroenterologists.

Analysis of c-myc, PAI-1 and uPAR in patients with incisional hernias.

BACKGROUND: Disturbed wound healing leading to alterations in collagen composition has been thought to play a key role in the pathogenesis of incisional hernia formation. The aim of the present study was to further characterise the scarring process in such patients. METHODS: Mature skin scars from patients with either primary or recurrent incisional hernias were compared to mature abdominal skin scars from patients without hernias. The distribution of collagen types I and III was analysed using crosspolarisation microscopy. Expression of c-myc--a parameter for cell differentiation and proliferation--and of PAI-1 and uPAR--parameters of the proteolytic cascade in wound healing--were determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: In agreement with previous studies, decreased collagen I/III ratios were found in patients with incisional hernias. In these patients, c-myc levels were significantly elevated whereas plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and urokinase-plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) levels were only slightly increased. In contrast to controls, a significant correlation between c-myc, PAI-1 and uPAR expression and collagen I/III ratios was found in patients with incisional hernias. CONCLUSION: The differential correlation of collagen types and expression of c-myc, PAI-1 and uPAR within the scar tissue might represent a causal factor in incisional hernia formation.

Different matrix micro-environments in colon cancer and diverticular disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The extracellular matrix and the interactive signalling between its components are thought to play a pivotal role for tumour development and metastasis formation. An altered matrix composition as potential underlying pathology for the development of colorectal cancer was hypothesized. METHODS: In a retrospective study of patients with colon cancer, the extracellular matrix in tumour-free bowel specimen was investigated in comparison with non-infected bowel specimen from patients operated on for colonic diverticulosis. The following matrix parameters with known associations to tumour formation, cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis were analysed by immunohistochemistry and quantified by a scoring system: VEGF, TGF-beta, ESDN, CD117, c-erb-2, cyclin D1, p53, p27, COX-2, YB-1, collagen I/III, MMP-13, PAI and uPAR. Expression profiles and correlations were calculated. RESULTS: The comparison of the two groups revealed a significantly decreased immunostaining for CD117 and TGF-beta in the cancer group (8.5+/-2.6 vs 10.3+/-2,1 and 4.9+/-1.5 vs 8.1+/-3, respectively), whereas PAI scores were significantly higher than in patients with diverticular disease (8.1+/-1.6 vs 6.2+/-0.9). Overall correlation patterns of matrix parameters indicated pronounced differences between tumour-free tissue in cancer patients compared with patients with diverticular disease. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate distinct differences in the colonic tissue architecture between cancer patients and patients with diverticulitis that support the notion of an altered matrix composition predisposing to the development of colon cancer.

Biomaterial-dependent MMP-2 expression in fibroblasts from patients with recurrent incisional hernias.

With regard to the pathogenesis of recurrent incisional hernia, an impaired connective tissue quality leading to an aberrant scarring process has been proposed. For the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2) a pathogenetic involvement in direct inguinal hernia development is reported. With mesh implantation as the gold standard treatment for incisional hernias, the aim of the present study was to investigate the MMP-2 expression in patients with recurrent incisional hernias with and without mesh-materials. In primary fibroblast cultures obtained from skin scars in patients with and without recurrent incisional hernias, MMP-2 synthesis and gene expression were investigated. Furthermore, MMP-2 synthesis and gene expression of fibroblasts were compared after incubation with two different mesh materials: polypropylene and absorbable polyglactin filaments. MMP-2 enzyme activity was determined by semiquantitative zymography and mRNA synthesis by quantitative RT-PCR. Both MMP-2 enzyme activity and mRNA expression were similar in hernia and control fibroblasts in vitro. In control fibroblasts mesh incubation did not significantly affect MMP-2 expression, whereas polypropylene mesh contact of fibroblasts from patients with recurrent incisional hernias led to a major decrease of MMP-2 activity and of mRNA expression. In the absence of biomaterials fibroblasts from recurrent incisional hernia, patients have no alterations of their MMP-2 synthesis compared to control fibroblasts, whereas a specific response was found after biomaterial contact hereby indicating differences in fibroblast phenotype.